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Curhat Bu Mega : Kenegarawanan Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi

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Curhat Bu Mega : Kenegarawanan Hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi

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Ketukan palu hakim MK akan menjadi pertanda antara memilih kegelapan demokrasi atau menjadi fajar keadilan

Rakyat Indonesia sedang menunggu dan akan mencatatkan dalam sejarah bangsa, apakah hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi dapat mengambil keputusan sengketa pemilu presiden dan wakil presiden sesuai dengan hati nurani dan sikap kenegarawanan, ataukah membiarkan praktik elektoral penuh dugaan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan (”abuse of power”)  dalam sejarah demokrasi Indonesia?

Di tengah penantian lahirnya keadilan sejati di Mahkamah Konstitusi, perhatian saya tertuju pada sebuah patung Dewi Keadilan.

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Patung itu ditaruh di samping meja ruang rapat kediaman saya agar mengingatkan pentingnya keadilan hakiki tanpa balutan kepentingan lain, kecuali keadilan itu sendiri.

Patung Dewi Keadilan yang saya beli ketika berada di Amerika Serikat itu mengandung beberapa pesan kuat.

Pertama, mata Dewi Keadilan tertutup kain. Mata tertutup menghadirkan ”keadaan gelap” agar tak tersilaukan oleh apa yang dilihat mata. Dengan mata tertutup itu, terjadi dialog dengan hati nuraninya dalam memutuskan perkara dengan tidak membedakan siapa yang berbuat.

Kedua, timbangan keadilan sebagai cermin keadilan substantif. Ketiga, pedang yang diturunkan ke bawah menegaskan bahwa hukum bukanlah alat membunuh, tetapi didasarkan pada norma, etika, kesadaran hukum, dan tertib hukum serta keteladanan para aparat penegak hukum.

Alangkah indahnya Dewi Keadilan!

Bagi bangsa Indonesia, pentingnya keadilan dalam seluruh kehidupan bernegara tecermin dalam Pancasila. Sebab Pancasila lahir sebagai jawaban atas praktik hidup eksploitatif akibat kolonialisme dan imperialisme.

Pancasila merupakan falsafah pembebasan yang terlahir dari dialog kritis antara Bung Karno dan Pak Marhaen. Dari situlah gagasan keadilan itu ditempatkan secara ideologis.

Keadilan dalam perspektif ideologis harus dijabarkan ke dalam supremasi hukum. Budaya hukum, tertib hukum, institusionalisasi lembaga penegak hukum, dan keteladanan aparat penegak hukum menjadi satu kesatuan supremasi hukum.

Sumpah presiden dan hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi menjadi bagian dari supremasi hukum. Namun bagi hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi, sumpah dan tanggung jawabnya lebih mendalam dari sumpah presiden.

Karena itulah persyaratan menjadi hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi juga lebih berat, yakni tidak hanya menjalankan seluruh peraturan perundang-undangan dengan selurus-lurusnya sesuai Undang-Undang Dasar, tetapi juga ditambahkan syarat lainnya, yakni memiliki sikap kenegarawanan.

Dengan sikap kenegarawanan tersebut, hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi bertanggung jawab terhadap terciptanya keadilan substantif dan menempatkan kepentingan bangsa dan negara sebagai hal yang paling utama.

Dengan tanggung jawab ini, keputusan hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi atas sengketa pemilu presiden dan wakil presiden (pilpres) sangat ditunggu rakyat Indonesia, apakah keadilan substantif dapat benar-benar ditegakkan, atau sebaliknya semakin terseret ke dalam pusaran tarik-menarik kepentingan kekuasaan politik?

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Etika presiden

Budayawan dan rohaniwan Franz Magnis-Suseno menyampaikan bahwa ada unsur-unsur yang merupakan pelanggaran etika serius dalam pelaksanaan Pilpres 2024.

Etika merupakan ajaran dan keyakinan tentang baik dam tidak baik sebagai cermin dari kualitas manusia sebagai manusia. Tuntutan dasar terhadap pentingnya etika dituangkan dalam ketentuan hukum dan hal tersebut berlangsung terus dalam sejarah peradaban umat manusia. Tidak memperhatikan hukum yang berlaku sama saja dengan pelanggaran etika.

Tanggung jawab penguasa seperti presiden terhadap etika sangatlah penting. Presiden memegang kekuasaan atas negara dan pemerintahan yang sangat besar. Karena itulah penguasa eksekutif tertinggi tersebut dituntut standar dan tanggung jawab etikanya agar kewibawaan negara hukum tercipta.

Dalam tanggung jawab presiden itu, maka persoalan berkaitan dengan keselamatan seluruh bangsa dan negara berada di pundak presiden. Presiden berdiri untuk semua. Segala kesan yang menunjukkan bahwa presiden memperjuangkan kepentingan sendiri atau keluarganya adalah fatal. Sebab presiden adalah milik semua rakyat Indonesia.

Apa yang disampaikan Franz Magnis-Suseno menjadi landasan etis bagi hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi untuk mengurai seluruh akar persoalan pilpres yang berangkat dari nepotisme dan dugaan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan yang dilakukan Presiden.

Menempatkan etika dalam setiap keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi sangatlah penting. Sebab, Mahkamah Konstitusi hadir sebagai benteng keadilan terakhir dalam penyelesaian sengketa pilpres atau pemilu.

Keputusan hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi akan menjadi indikator terpenting, apakah demokrasi yang berkedaulatan rakyat tetap eksis atau justru perlombaan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan akan menjadi model kecurangan dan bisa direplikasi dalam pemilihan kepala daerah (pilkada) serentak hingga pemilihan umum yang akan datang.

Apa dan siapa yang salah?

Temuan terjadinya penurunan kualitas demokrasi Indonesia telah berulang kali dikaji para peneliti.

Indeks demokrasi Indonesia, menurut data Freedom House, terus menunjukkan penurunan. Demikian juga menurut The Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) yang menyimpulkan demokrasi Indonesia masih tergolong cacat (flawed democracy) berada pada peringkat ke-54 secara global, turun dua peringkat dari tahun sebelumnya.

Dengan mencermati berbagai laporan tersebut, kemampuan Mahkamah Konstitusi di dalam menyelesaikan sengketa pemilu tentu menjadi tolok ukur bagi peningkatan kualitas demokrasi. Sebab, kecurangan tanpa efek jera akan semakin mematikan demokrasi.

Keputusan hukum Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki makna demi keadilan berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa.

Agar sumber kecurangan tersebut dapat diungkap, hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi dapat membedah sumber kegaduhan dalam kecurangan pilpres. Kecurangan pemilu sendiri tidak berlangsung tiba-tiba. Ia lahir melalui serangkaian evolusi kecurangan.

Dalil awal, pilpres dilakukan secara langsung untuk menihilkan kecurangan. Akan tetapi, kecurangan bisa terjadi di tengah lima indikator besar, yaitu (1) proses pemilu dan pluralisme politik, (2) tata kelola pemerintahan, (3) tingkat partisipasi politik masyarakat, (4) budaya politik, dan (5) kebebasan sipil.

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Kompleksitas pemilu

Kesemuanya diawali dari Pemilu 1971 ketika aparatur negara, khususnya ABRI, digunakan sebagai alat elektoral dan alat represif dengan sumber daya negara yang relatif tidak terbatas.

Pertautan kepentingan geopolitik global terhadap pemilu terjadi pada pemilu tahun 1999, 2004, dan semakin menguat pada tahun 2024.

Politik bantuan sosial diterapkan secara masif pada tahun 2009 seiring dengan meningkatkan populisme. Sementara, penggunaan aparat penegak hukum, termasuk TNI dan Polri, dipraktikkan pada Pemilu 2009 dan 2019.

Efektivitas penggunaan instrumen hukum semakin sempurna di Pemilu 2019 ketika jabatan Jaksa Agung RI disalahgunakan bagi kepentingan elektoral.

Mengapa evolusi kecurangan terjadi, bahkan semakin bersifat akumulatif? Sebab belum pernah tercipta efek jera sebagaimana terjadi di Amerika Serikat dengan skandal Watergate yang memaksa Presiden Richard Nixon mengundurkan diri.

Pilpres 2024 merupakan puncak evolusi hingga bisa dikategorikan sebagai kecurangan terstruktur, sistematis, dan masif (TSM). Ditambah motif nepotisme yang mendorong penyalahgunaan kekuasaan Presiden. Nepotisme ini berbeda dengan zaman Presiden Soeharto sekalipun karena dilaksanakan melalui sistem pemilu ketika Presiden masih menjabat dan ada kepentingan subyektif bagi kerabatnya.

Lalu, pertanyaan kritis kita: apa dan siapa yang salah?

Dengan tegas saya menjawab sendiri, bukan sistem hukum Indonesia yang salah. Pelaksanaan hukum yang menjadi tanggung jawab pemimpin itulah yang salah. Kondisi ini terjadi akibat etika dan moral dijauhkan dari praktik hukum. Tanpa landasan etika, moral, dan keteladanan pemimpin, manipulasi hukum menjadi semakin mudah dilakukan.

Sikap kenegarawanan yang dimiliki hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi masuk dalam dimensi tanggung jawab bagi pemulihan etika dan moral itu. Tanpanya, Mahkamah Konstitusi hanya menjadi jalan pembenaran bagi sengketa pemilu yang orientasinya hanya pada hasil, tanpa melihat secara jernih bagaimana proses pemilu dan keseluruhan input dari proses pemilu.

Hasil pemilu ternyata bisa berubah akibat penyalahgunaan kekuasaan. Hal ini dibuktikan adanya voting behaviour yang dipengaruhi besarnya belanja sosial (social expenditures), seperti bantuan langsung tunai, pembagian beras miskin, dan bantuan sosial lainnya.

Pedoman kebenaran

Keputusan hukum Mahkamah Konstitusi memiliki makna demi keadilan berdasarkan Ketuhanan Yang Maha Esa. Maknanya tidak hanya secara transenden, tanggung jawab langsung kepada Sang Pencipta. Kekuatan transenden ini seharusnya dapat memperkuat posisi hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi mengambil terobosan hukum berdasarkan keadilan sebagai sifat hakiki Tuhan.

Karena itulah, hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi tidak hanya bertanggung jawab sebagai penjaga konstitusi dan demokrasi, tetapi juga memiliki legalitas dan legitimasi agar keadilan benar-benar menemukan bentuknya, terlebih ketika berhadapan dengan tembok kekuasaan.

Lalu, selain konstitusi, apa pedoman lain yang bisa memunculkan sikap kenegarawanan?

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Saya mencoba meramu dari pengalaman hidup saya yang sangat lengkap, baik sebagai anak presiden; menjadi rakyat biasa akibat peristiwa politik 1965; menjadi ibu rumah tangga; maupun memenuhi tanggung jawab sejarah sebagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, wakil presiden, presiden, dan kembali lagi memenuhi kodrat makna hidup ”Cakra Manggilingan” (roda kehidupan yang berputar).

Saya sungguh beruntung dapat berdialog langsung dengan Bung Karno, Bung Hatta, KH Agus Salim, Jenderal Achmad Yani dan para jenderal Pahlawan Revolusi yang lain; juga Pak Hoegeng sahabat saya; serta orang-orang pintar berhati nurani yang dipunyai oleh Republik Indonesia waktu itu dan para tokoh bangsa lainnya.

Dari situlah saya berkontemplasi, dan hasilnya menjadi pedoman kebenaran yang saya rekomendasikan kepada hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi.

Pertama, kebenaran tetaplah kebenaran. Ia tidak bisa dimanipulasi, sebab ia menjadi hakikat. Kedua, kebenaran dalam pengambilan keputusan muncul dari pikiran dan nurani yang jernih. Jernih seperti air. Air jernih adalah pikiran dalam alam kebenaran.

Ketiga,_ qana’ah_, merasa cukup terhadap apa yang ada. Ketika konstitusi membatasi jabatan masa presiden dua periode, itulah kebenaran yang harus ditaati, tidak bisa diperpanjang, baik secara langsung maupun tak langsung.

Keempat, dalam bahasa Rusia disebut utrenja, yang artinya fajar. Tidak ada kekuatan yang bisa menghalangi fajar menyingsing di ufuk timur.

Dengan empat pedoman sederhana di atas, setiap pemimpin, termasuk hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi, dapat mengasah hati nurani dan budi pekertinya agar setiap tindakan dan keputusan politiknya selalu memperjuangkan kebenaran dan keadilan.

Oleh karena itulah, belajar dari putusan Perkara Nomor 90 di Mahkamah Konstitusi yang sangat kontroversial, saya mendorong dengan segala hormat kepada hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi agar sadar dan insaf untuk tidak mengulangi hal tersebut.

Tanpa landasan etika, moral, dan keteladanan pemimpin, manipulasi hukum menjadi semakin mudah dilakukan.

Ketukan palu hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi selanjutnya akan menjadi pertanda antara memilih kegelapan demokrasi atau menjadi fajar keadilan bagi rakyat dan negara.

Tentu sebagai anak bangsa, saya berdoa semoga dengan izin Allah SWT, kita pun rakyat Indonesia akan melihat cahaya terang demokrasi ketika ”Sembilan Dewa” di MK memberikan keputusan yang berkeadilan, berwibawa, dan terutama dengan hati nuraninya.

Ingat, nama-nama para hakim Mahkamah Konstitusi akan tertulis dalam sejarah Republik Indonesia, baik maupun buruk. Semoga!!

Rakyat Indonesia, terutama yang mempunyai hati nurani, harus mendukung pengadilan Mahkamah Konstitusi ini sebagai upaya berkeadilan secara hukum. Semua pemikiran dan pendapat di atas, saya suarakan sebagai bagian dari Amicus Curiae, atau Sahabat Pengadilan. Merdeka!

Megawati Soekarnoputri, Warga Negara Indonesia

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